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What to Do if You Witness a Stroke: First Aid Protocols

A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when there is a sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain, leading to damage of brain tissue. Time is of the essence when it comes to stroke treatment, as the quicker medical intervention is provided, the less the risk of permanent brain damage or death. If you are in a situation where you witness someone having a stroke, knowing what to do can save their life or significantly improve their chances of recovery. Immediate action can reduce the long-term effects of a stroke and help the individual receive timely medical care.

Recognizing the Signs of a Stroke

Recognizing the signs of a stroke is the first critical step in providing effective first aid. Strokes can occur suddenly and vary in severity, but there are some key symptoms to look for. The acronym FAST is an easy way to remember the common signs:

  • F – Face drooping: Ask the person to smile. One side of their face may droop or feel numb.
  • A – Arm weakness: Ask the person to raise both arms. If one arm drifts downward or they are unable to lift it, this could indicate a stroke.
  • S – Speech difficulty: Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence. Their speech may be slurred, or they may be unable to speak clearly.
  • T – Time to call emergency services: If any of these signs are present, it’s crucial to act quickly and call emergency services.

Other signs to watch for include sudden dizziness, severe headache, difficulty walking, confusion, or a loss of coordination. If any of these symptoms appear suddenly, it’s important to take immediate action.

First Aid Protocols for a Stroke

If you believe someone is having a stroke, following these first aid steps can help increase their chances of recovery:

  1. Call Emergency Services Immediately

The most important step is to call emergency services (911 or your local emergency number) without delay. The faster medical professionals can intervene, the better the chances of minimizing brain damage. When calling, be clear and provide the following information:

  • The person’s exact location.
  • The symptoms they are exhibiting.
  • The time when the symptoms started (this is important for the treatment the patient will receive).
  1. Keep the Person Calm and Comfortable

A stroke can be a terrifying experience, both for the individual and for those witnessing it. It’s essential to remain calm and offer reassurance to the person. Encourage them to stay as calm as possible, as stress and panic can exacerbate the situation. If the person is conscious, help them sit down or lie down on their side with their head slightly raised. This position can assist with breathing and prevent choking if vomiting occurs.

Avoid moving the person unless they are in immediate danger. For example, if they are in a location where they could fall or be hit by a moving vehicle, move them to safety, but otherwise, remain still.

  1. Note the Time of Symptoms Onset

The time when symptoms started is critical for the doctors in determining the most effective treatment. If the person is conscious and able to communicate, ask them when they first noticed the symptoms. If they are not able to speak, try to identify when the symptoms began by asking anyone around you. In cases of stroke, the first 4.5 hours are especially critical for certain types of treatments, such as clot-busting medications, which are most effective when administered early.

  1. Do Not Give the Person Food, Drink, or Medication

It may seem natural to try to offer comfort by giving the person something to drink or eat, but this is not advisable during a stroke. Swallowing difficulties are common with strokes, and giving food or liquid can lead to choking. Additionally, some medications or substances could interact negatively with emergency treatments. Unless specifically instructed by a healthcare professional, avoid giving them anything to ingest.

  1. Position the Person Properly

If the person is lying down and conscious, position their head to be slightly elevated, which can help with circulation and reduce the risk of aspiration if they begin to vomit. If they are unconscious but still breathing, turn them onto their side to keep the airway clear. Make sure to gently tilt their head back slightly to prevent the tongue from blocking the airway. If possible, avoid putting your hands in their mouth as this can lead to injury.

  1. Monitor Their Breathing and Consciousness

While waiting for emergency services, closely observe the person’s breathing. If they stop breathing, begin CPR if you are trained to do so. If they lose consciousness, keep their airway clear by positioning them on their side, as mentioned earlier. It’s important not to leave them alone while you wait for help.

  1. Stay With Them Until Help Arrives

Stay with the person, providing reassurance and comfort as you await the arrival of medical professionals. The presence of a calm, supportive individual can help reduce their anxiety. Keep a close watch on their condition, and provide any updates to the paramedics when they arrive. They will want to know how long the symptoms have been present, whether the person has a history of strokes, and any other relevant medical information.

What Not to Do When Witnessing a Stroke

While it is important to act swiftly and calmly in the face of a stroke, there are also several things you should avoid doing:

  • Do not give the person food or drink. As mentioned, swallowing difficulties are common during a stroke, and food or drink can cause choking.
  • Do not attempt to drive the person to the hospital yourself. Stroke requires medical attention that is best administered by professionals. Paramedics can begin treatment en route, something you cannot do.
  • Do not give them any medication unless instructed. Some medications, like blood thinners, may cause excessive bleeding in the event of a stroke.
  • Do not try to “wake” them. If the person loses consciousness, do not attempt to shake or jolt them awake. Their body is undergoing a medical crisis, and it is best to let the professionals handle it.

Understanding the Importance of Fast Action

The effects of a stroke can vary greatly depending on how quickly medical help is received. The sooner treatment begins, the better the chance of reducing brain damage and improving recovery outcomes. Strokes are often caused by a blockage of a blood vessel or bleeding in the brain. In some cases, medications or surgical procedures can restore blood flow or stop the bleeding, but these treatments are most effective if administered within the first few hours of the stroke.

Even if you are uncertain that someone is having a stroke, it is better to call emergency services and err on the side of caution. The sooner help arrives, the better the chances of a positive outcome.

Conclusion

A stroke is a medical emergency that requires swift action to reduce its impact. Recognizing the signs, remaining calm, and following proper first aid protocols can make a significant difference in the individual’s recovery. By remembering the FAST acronym, calling emergency services immediately, and staying with the person until help arrives, you can provide the essential support that can save lives and limit the long-term effects of a stroke. Always remember that when it comes to stroke, time is brain, and every minute counts.